自考00831英语语法串讲笔记（5）

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第九节分词

分词是非谓语动词的一种，分词有现在分词和过去分词两类。

1.形式及特征

现在分词由动词原形+“ing”构成。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形+“ed”构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有规则。

分词有形容词和动词特征，可以有宾语或状语，现在分词有一般式和完成式，有主动语态和被动语态，而过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式，也没有主动语态。

2.用法

（1）作定语

作定语用的分词如果是单词，则放在它所修饰的名词之前。

China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。

It is a well-written article.这是一篇好文章。

作定语用的分词如果是分词短语，则放在它所修饰的名词之后，相当于定语从句。

It is a method used by retailers to attract customers.这是零售商用来吸引顾客的一种方法。

We wish to introduce ourselves to you as a corporation dealing exclusively in Light Industrial Goods.我们是专营轻工产品的公司。

（2）作表语

This novel is very interesting.这本小说很有趣。

The theory sounds quite convincing.这种说法听起来很有说服力。

分词作表语时，要与现在进行时与被动语态区分开，如：

He is reading the novel.（现在进行时）他正在读小说。

His interest is reading.（现在分词作表语）他的兴趣是阅读。

The novel is being read.（过去分词作谓语）这本小说正在被读。

（3）作状语

①表示时间

Having worked for three hours，she took a rest.工作了三个小时之后，她休息了一会儿。

Opening the drawer he took out a book.打开抽屉，他拿出一本书。

②表示原因

Being debits always recorded in amounts equal to credits，the debits and credits should always equal each other.由于借贷所记的金额是相等的，所以借与贷必须相等。

Inspired by the teacher，the students studied even harder.在老师的鼓励下，学生们更加努力地学习。

③表示伴随或方式

Laughing and talking，the children went out into the garden.孩子们又说又笑地走进花园。

④表示结果

The bus was held up in the snowstorm，thus causing the delay.公共汽车被困在寒风雪中，因此给耽搁了。

Last year the yield climbed again，reaching 1，300 kilograms.去年产量上升了，达到1，300公斤。

（4）作宾语补足语

We must get everything straightened out.我们必须把一切弄清楚。

I found that store almost completely rebuilt.我发现那个商店几乎全部改建过了。

（5）作独立主格

All things considered，the commodities are the best in our firm.经过充分考虑后，认为这些商品是我们公司的最好商品。

His work finished，he prepares to return to his company.工作完成后，他准备回公司。

So many directors being absent，we decided to put the meeting off.由于董事缺席过多，我们决定会议延期。

Weather permitting，we'll send the commodities tomorrow.天气好的话，我们明天就把货送到。

These are sold at reduced prices，the defects always being pointed out to the customers.这些货是降低出售的，货物的缺陷总是向顾客们指出的。

第十节动名词

动名词是非谓语动词的一种，它是由动词原形+ing构成，它有名词和动词的特征。

1.动名词作主语

Interpreting figures is an important part of the accountant's function.解释数据是会计职能的一个重要部分。

Determining the least costly way to produce a specific quantity of output occupies much of the time of managers.设法以最低成本生产定量产品要耗费管理者大量时间。

2.动名词作表语

The bookkeepers work is recording financial data.簿记员的工作是记录财务数据。

His interest is reading novels.他的兴趣是读小说。

3.作宾语

可以用在begin，start，stop，finish，like等动词后面。

They haven't finished packing the goods.他们还未完成货物的包装。

He likes playing basketball.他爱打篮球。

It is difficult to see how the company can avoid making another loss this years.很难看出该公司今年是如何避免遭受损失。

4.作介词宾语

He had prepared himseif well by reading about the firm and its products previous to the interview.在会见前，他阅读了有关商行的资料，以便做好充分准备。

The cattle are branded before being driven to the market.牛在被赶进市场前，被打上烙印。

Take your time to balance the two plans carefully before arriving at a final decision.在得出最后结论以前，先从容仔细地比较这两个计划。

第十一节动词不定式

1.概念

不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，是由不定式记号to加动词原形构成的。不定式具有动词的特征，即及物动词可带宾语，可被状语修饰，也可有语态的变化。

当动词的不定式与另一个动词连用时，不定式通常要带to.

I want to go to the station.我想去车站。

而在某些动词后面（如can，shall，do，will，may，need）to要省略，如：

You may do the work.你可以做这项工作。

2.用法

动词不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语及不定式复合结构。

（1）不定式作主语

不定式主语+谓语+其他成分

To have a firm self-confidence is a first step toward a succesful negotiation.有了坚定的自信是走向谈判成功的第一步。

有的情况下，可用it作形式主语来代替不定式做主语

It+谓语+不定式主语+其他成分

It is risky to build too many hopes upon his promise.对他的承诺寄以太大的希望是危险的。

It is impossible to get him to understand what I mean.不可能让他懂得我的意思。

（2）不定式作宾语

The majority of our members consented to raise the dues.大多数会员同意增加会费。

The supermarkets owner planned to postpone the grand opening until Saturday.自选商场所有者计划把大减价持续到星期六。

The analysis seeks to identify the strengths，weaknesses，opportunities and threats.本分析在于证实力量、弱点、机遇和风险。

（3）不定式作表语

His job was to examine cars to make sure that they were not smuggling anything into the country.他的工作是检查汽车，确保不使任何物品走私入境。

The manager seems to be losing his grip on the business.经理似乎正在失去对企业的控制。

A major function of accounting is to provide periodic reports to manager and owners outsiders.会计的一项主要职能是向管理人员和所有者提供定期报告。

The house is to be sold by auction.这幢房子将被拍卖。

The first is to evaluate the adequacy of the predetermined.首要任务是评价预料的准确性。

（4）不定式作定语

We must think of ways to combat the rising prices.我们应该想办法克服物价上涨。

As a teacher，I have the ability to suggest books，to point out a pathway.作为一个教师，我有能力推荐书籍，指点迷津。

The shopkeeper offered me a credit note to be used to buy goods in his shop.商店老板给了我一个信用证，用来在他的店里购货。

（5）不定式作状语

In order to improve business，the store owner decreased his prices.店主降低价格以便使营业好转。

To be perfectly flank，I do not see what she has to be vain about.坦率地说，我看不出她有什么值得骄傲之处。

To illustrate how the heart sends blood around the body，the doctor described how a pump works.为了说明心脏如何把血液输送到全身，医生描绘了泵的工作。

We were fortunate to have had him at our company.聘请他在我们公司工作是我们公司的幸运。

You must be aggressive to be a door-to-door salesman.想当好推销员必须有闯劲。

（6）不定式复合结构

The valve opened for air to enter.打开阀门以便进气。

There is a lot of work for us to do.我们有许多工作要做。

There are a lot of problems for the manager to cope with.经理有许多问题要处理。

She brought the balance sheet for the manager to sign.她拿来资产负债表让经理签字。

He brought the ledger for me to check.他把总账拿来让我查账。

It's too late for us to start.太晚了，我们不好动身。

I brought something for you to look at.我带来东西给你看。

Here's a pen for you to sign the contract with.给你这支笔来签合同。

（7）带疑问词的不定式

疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，why，how，where的后面可以接不定式，构成一个名词性短语，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语。

①What to do next will be discussed at today's meeting.下一步该怎么做将在今天会上讨论。

②The question is how to fulfil our production plan as soon as possible.问题是如何尽早完成生产计划。

③It is not decided yet whether to go there or not.是否去那儿尚未决定。

④The question is how to send the goods.问题是如何把货物运去。

⑤You had better find out where to change your money.你最好找一下换钱的地方。

⑥He will tell you which way to go.他会告诉你走哪条路。

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