山西学位英语专项复习：词语与语法​

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山西学位英语专项复习：词语与语法

discover，invent

这两个词都是动词，都指人们首先见到的新鲜事物而言，但涵义有异。

Discover指初次看见本来已存在但以前未被发现的事物(to find out something existing but not yet known)，故作“发现”解。如：

Columbus discovered America but he did not explore the new continent.

哥伦布发现了美洲，可是他没有去探索这个新大陆。

Modern astronomers have discovered a million such galaxies.

现代的天文学家已发现了一百万类似的星群。

The circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey.

血液循环是哈维发现的。

Invent是指创造前所未有的事物(to create or design some thing not existing before)，故作“发明”解。例：

Edison invented the electric light bulb.

爱迪生发明了电灯泡。

A new-type stethoscope has yet to be invented.

新型的听诊器有待发明。

有时候，invent还可作“捏造”解。例：

Don't you know a lie is always invented?

谎言总是捏造出来的，难道你不知道吗?

We must invent an excuse for being late.

我们必须编造一个迟到的理由。

Discover的名词是discovery;invent的名词是invention.“发现者”是discoverer：“发明家”是inventor.

下面是discovery和invention的例句，从中可以看出，它们之间的涵义区别和动词相同：

Columbus's discovery was at first misunderstood.

The invention of calculating machines led to the invention of computers.

enmity，amity

这两个词都是名词，拼法和读音相像，但词义却恰好相反。

Enmity/'enm+ti/是“憎恨”、“敌意”、“敌对”(hatred or a state of hostility)。例：

The bloody crimes committed by the Japanese invaders during the Second World War incurred out enmity.

日本侵略者在二次世界大战期间犯下的血腥罪行使我们感到愤恨。

I don't understand why they always harbour enmity against their neighbouring country.

我不明白为什么他们总是对他们的邻国怀有敌意。

Amity/'$m+ti/的意思是“友谊”、“亲善”(friendship or friendly relations)。例：

Despite the peace talks，there is no amity at all between the warring countries.

尽管举行了和谈，交战两国之间毫无友谊可言。

The amity between these two friends is indestructible.

这两个朋友之间的友谊是牢不可破的。

S是个简单的英文字母，可以加在可数复数名词后面，也可以用在简单现在时态动词的后面，以表示主语是单数第三人称。例如：

①He walks to school every day.www.for68.com

②Mary gets up early every morning.

③That woman often talks loudly.

除了把单数名词变成复数名词以及表示单数第三人称之外，“s”还出现在某些单字上，使它和没有“s”的字呈现出两个不同语义：“beside”和“besides”便是个好例子。

“Beside”是“在……旁边”的意思：“besides”是“除此之外”的意思。两者都是介词，但后者也是个副词。有些人把这两个字等同起来，互相对换，这是大错特错的;因此，④和⑤不对，要改为⑥和⑦。

④Susan is sitting besides me.

⑤Beside dancing,the children also sang.

⑥Susan is sitting beside me.

⑦Besides dancing,the children also sang.

一般上说，“beside”在句子后半部出现，如：

⑧Some people prefer living beside the sea.

⑨The small boy is standing beside his mother.

“Besides”的位置不一;可以在句前，也可在句尾，如：

⑩Besides being a diligent student,Peter is also a good athlete.

11.I have written some other books on language learning besides this one.

上述两个例子中的“besides”是介词;它也可以当副词，如：

12.I like reading;besides,I also like writing.

13.He sings pop songs.Besides,he also listens to classical music.

注意：当副词的“besides”要用句号(.)或分号(;)隔开。

为了使句子多样化，12和13两个句子可以联合起来变成一个较长的句子，但意思不变。因此，例12可以连接成⑿(a)-(e);例13也可以重新构成⒀(a)-(e).

⑿(a)I like reading and writing.

(b)I like reading as well as writing.

(c)I like both reading and writing.

(d)I like not only reading but also writing.

(e)Besides reading,I also like writing.

⒀(a)He sings pop songs and listens to classical music.

(b)He sings pop songs as well as listening to classical music.

(c)He not only sings pop songs but also listens to classical music.

(d)Besides singing pop songs,he also listens to classical music.

(e)He listens to classical music in addition to singing pop songs.

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