自考00838语言与文化串讲3

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自考00838语言与文化串讲3

　　3.Words and associative meaning

　　3.1 Words and connotative meaning

　　book:C:contain knowledge and wisdom for people,youth must learn

　　E:it express ideas for people to consider,to agree or disagree,and to comment

　　Sexy:C:connotes loose sex morality

　　E:it is a positive human quality

　　Old,young:C:young means inexperienced,and inconsistent.Old means mature,skilled and experienced.

　　E:young means flexible,vigorous,and creative.Old means traditional,senile,and useless.

　　Dog:C:is very pejorative.

　　E:it can even be considered as a family member.

　　Peasant:C:doesn’t have derogatory connotations.

　　E:it has derogatory

　　Landlord,capitalist,boss:C:are pejorative in Chinese

　　E:not

　　Comrade:C:connotes warmth,friendliness and equality

　　E:means spies of the Soviet Union

　　Ambitious,aggressive:C:it is pejorative

　　E:it is considered good qualities and both positive in meaning.

　　Self-made man:C:

　　E:it is positive term.Connoting lack of financial foundation and influential connections.

　　Individualism:C:it is means selfishness

　　E:it is positive term

　　Propaganda:C:it is a neutral term.

　　E:it is a pejorative term in English

　　Do-gooder:C:it is means unselfish and helpful

　　E:it is a pejorative term in English

　　Spiritual:C:it hasn’t this means in Chinese.

　　E:it has religious connotation.

　　3.2 Words and social meaning

　　British English:spoken in the U.K,Australia,New Zealand,West Indian Isles

　　American English:spoken in the North America.

　　BrE

　　AmE

　　Chinese

　　Brooch

　　Breastpin

　　胸针

　　Mackintosh

　　Raincoat

　　雨衣

　　Sweet

　　Candy

　　糖果

　　Flat

　　Apartment

　　公寓

　　Pail

　　Bucket

　　水桶

　　Cellar

　　Basement

　　地下室

　　Tap

　　Faucet

　　水龙头

　　Timetable

　　Schedule

　　时间表

　　Booking office

　　Ticket office

　　售票处

　　Autumn

　　Fall

　　秋天

　　torch

　　flashlight

　　手电筒

　　BrE

　　AmE

　　Chinese

　　Scone

　　biscuit

　　软饼

　　Biscuit

　　Cracker

　　饼干

　　Cracker

　　Firecracker

　　爆竹

　　Corn

　　Grain

　　谷物

　　Maize

　　Corn

　　玉米

　　Jumper

　　Sweater

　　毛线衣

　　Blouse

　　Jumper

　　短套衫

　　Vest

　　Undershirt

　　汗衫

　　Waistcoat

　　Vest

　　背心

　　Purse

　　Change purse

　　钱包

　　Handbag

　　Purse

　　手提包

　　Truck

　　Flatcar

　　铁路平板车

　　Lorry

　　Truck

　　卡车

　　Shop

　　Store

　　商店

　　store

　　Warehouse

　　货栈

　　From English

　　From French

　　Meaning in Chinese

　　Answer

　　reply

　　回答

　　Rest

　　Repose

　　休息

　　Room

　　Chamber

　　房间

　　Bear

　　Endure

　　忍受

　　Woods

　　Forest

　　树林

　　Gift

　　Present

　　礼物

　　Love

　　Affection

　　爱情

　　House

　　Mansion

　　房子

　　King

　　Sovereign

　　国王

　　Wish

　　Desire

　　愿望

　　make

　　Create

　　创造

　　There are also many triples of synonyms in Englsih.

　　From English

　　From French

　　From Latin

　　Meaning in Chinese

　　Weak

　　feeble

　　Fragile

　　软弱

　　Size

　　Caliber

　　Magnitude

　　大小

　　Empty

　　Devoid

　　Vacuous

　　空的

　　End

　　Finish

　　Complete

　　结束

　　Rise

　　Mount

　　Ascend

　　上升

　　Ask

　　Question

　　Interrogate

　　问

　　Belly

　　Stomach

　　Abdomen

　　胃、腹

　　Fire

　　Flame

　　Conflagration

　　火

　　Time

　　Age

　　Epoch

　　时代

　　Die

　　Pass

　　Decease

　　死

　　count

　　Calculate

　　compute

　　算

　　English has been closely related to Latin as well.They borrowed dozens of words from Latin words entered English.Of course,sets of synonyms in English are not limited to the pairs and triples discussed above.

　　3.3 Words and affective meaning

　　sexy,young,dog,ambitious,aggressive,self-made man,individualism,equalitarianism or egalitarianism are positive in English,but pejorative in Chinese

　　Landlord,capitalist,boss,free love are pejorative in Chinese,but neutral in English

　　Old,peasant,comrade,do-gooder,propaganda are pejorative in English,but neutral in Chinese.

　　3.4 Words and reflected meaning

　　Green house:(E:emphasize its function,while Chinese view its from its physical characteristic.)

　　Black tea:(E:named it after the colour of tea(leave),C:named it after the colour of tea(water colour)

　　Ferrous metal:(E:according its ingredients.C:according their colours)

　　Snakehead:(E:its head is its distinctive feature,C:it is its colour)

　　Sun spot:(a spot black in colour)

　　Wall clock:(E:where clocks can be found is the distinctive feature,C:emphasize the ways in which they are used.)

　　Stop watch:(E:emphasize its mechanic quality,C:lay stress on the purpose for which it is used)

　　Contact Lenses:(English speaker views the way they used,but Chinese attracted to their invisibility)

　　Business Card:(it is used stand out in E,and its content is foregrounded in C)

　　Marble-hearted:(it is a specific term in Englsih,but a general term in Chinese)

　　Wood pulp：纸浆（english reminds us of the raw material,Chinese term the product）

　　3.5 Words and collocative meaning.

　　English terms

　　Their collocates（配置）

　　Vice

　　President,chairman,chancellor,consul,governor,etc

　　Associate

　　Professor,editor,director,etc

　　Depute

　　Chairman,command-in-chief,mayor,head,etc.

　　Lieutenant(陆军中尉)

　　Governor,general,colonel,etc

　　under

　　Secretary of States,secretary,etc.

　　副

　　总统、主席、市长、总督、国务卿、领事、校长、教授、主编、指挥等

　　中

　　将、校等

　　Vice:one that takes the place of

　　Associate:having secondary or subordinate status or closely connected(as in function of office)with

　　Deputy:a second-in-command or assistant who usually takes charge when his superior is absent

　　Lieutenant:an official empowered for a higher official or an aid or representative of another in the performance of duty.

　　Under:lower in authority of rand.

　　Make a road筑路

　　Make progress取得进步

　　Make efforts作出努力

　　Make a poem作诗

　　Make one’s position known表明立场

　　Make a fire生火

　　Make tea沏茶

　　Make money挣钱

　　Make enemies树敌

　　Make peace讲和

　　Take a book拿一本书

　　Take a city占领一座城

　　Take an umbrella带一把伞

　　Take the first place获得第一名

　　Take one’s leave告辞

　　Take cold感冒

　　Take a seat就坐

　　Take harbour避入港湾

　　Take the floor发言

　　Take the blame承担过错

　　Take a cup of tea喝一杯茶

　　Take action采取行动

　　Take a photograph照相

　　Take a bath洗澡

　　Look at the blackboard看黑板

　　See a film看电影

　　Watch TV看电视

　　Read a book看书

　　Visit a friend看朋友

　　Go to a doctor看医生

　　Depend on circumstances看情况

　　Trim one’s sails看风使舵

　　Open a tin开罐头

　　Turn on light开灯

　　Switch on TV开电视

　　Serve a meal开饭

　　Show mercy开恩

　　Drive a car开车

　　Sail a ship开船

　　Fly a plane开飞机

　　Exploit a mine开矿

　　Reclaim wasteland开荒

　　Straighten out one’s ideas开窍

　　Feel happy开心

　　Stimulate the appetite开胃

　　Begin to speak开腔

　　Fire a gun开炮

　　Make war开战

　　Crack a joke开玩笑

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