[主观题] II. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a“Topic Outline" for it.
Living Trash Free
Three years ago, I heard on the radio the tale of a British couple who lived tras-free.
Walking home from my laboratory, 1 told my roommate that I could also do that and I'd start
soon.“No," he said.“If you care about this, you start today.” Just like that, I began an
experiment of a trash-free life in the face of large environmental problems.
The average American produces about four pounds of trash per day, about 1,500 pounds
per year. In my first year of living trash-free, I produced less than eight pounds of waste. In
year two, I made it down to six pounds- about 0.4 percent of the American average. That was
an accomplishment of my experiment.
To get there, I needed to change the way I lived. I collected my waste, such as concert
tickets, packaging and glass, and didn't throw it away. 1 knew my experiment wouldn't make
much difference, but I felt I should do it. Since unnecessary consumption existed everywhere,
I had to get creative. When a restaurant fumished a napkin-wrapped fork and knife, I asked
the waiter to give me a set without the napkin. I carried a fork, a spoon, a plate and a bowl
wherever I went, just in case the food was served only with plastic to eat with. Sometimes it
was awkward.
The hardest part was figuring out the best way to talk about what I was doing. It is
important to speak to people in a language they understand from their background. Also, bigII. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a“Topic Outline" for it.
Living Trash Free
Three years ago, I heard on the radio the tale of a British couple who lived tras-free.
Walking home from my laboratory, 1 told my roommate that I could also do that and I'd start
soon.“No," he said.“If you care about this, you start today.” Just like that, I began an
experiment of a trash-free life in the face of large environmental problems.
The average American produces about four pounds of trash per day, about 1,500 pounds
per year. In my first year of living trash-free, I produced less than eight pounds of waste. In
year two, I made it down to six pounds- about 0.4 percent of the American average. That was
an accomplishment of my experiment.
To get there, I needed to change the way I lived. I collected my waste, such as concert
tickets, packaging and glass, and didn't throw it away. 1 knew my experiment wouldn't make
much difference, but I felt I should do it. Since unnecessary consumption existed everywhere,
I had to get creative. When a restaurant fumished a napkin-wrapped fork and knife, I asked
the waiter to give me a set without the napkin. I carried a fork, a spoon, a plate and a bowl
wherever I went, just in case the food was served only with plastic to eat with. Sometimes it
was awkward.
The hardest part was figuring out the best way to talk about what I was doing. It is
important to speak to people in a language they understand from their background. Also, bigissues such as trash and recycling are tied to other big issues such as economic growth and
climate change. So, as I wrote about the experiment on reducing trash, I had to discuss
economy, peace, poverty, and so on. It was much harder to explain all that than simply
announcing myself as a vegetarian, for instance.
Sometimes I failed, as some people didn't see the need of my experiment. More often, .
though, people gave me their support. The experiment inspired others to do similar
experiments on their own. A couple of friends in Ann Arbor are doing it for a year. Their
efforts have paid off. Ann Arbor has become one of the most environmentally conscious cities
in America. When I visit that city now, I can get nearly all of my food unpackaged. There are
several great secondhand stores I can go to, if I really need something. I can get shoes and
tools that don't come in paper or plastic boxes.
Humans have caused trrible problems: The polar ice caps are melting, and the oceans
are full of trash. My prject did not reshap

1、[主观题]I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the following passage carefully and write a paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Young People's Early Independence
Compared with the older generation, young people nowadays tend to be more independent at an earlier age. Some think it is good to young people; others worry about the possible negative impacts on them because of the lack of their parents' proper guidance. I am of the opinion that young people's early independence has both advantages and disadvantages.
Many people believe that earlier independence helps young people understand the world better and accumulate more social experience, which is invaluable for their future life and career. As far as I am concerned, one learns best from practical experience. Thus early independence can offer more opportunities for young people to experience more without their parents' guidance. In this way, it is more likely for them to succeed and bring their talent into full play. Moreover, living on their own means, they have to face and overcome difficulties by themselves. Therefore, it may help them mold a sound and unyielding character on their way to strive for their independence and maturity.
________________________________________________________________________
Therefore, young people should be well advised to give serious thought to both the advantages and disadvantages of early independence before making the decision to leave home and face life's challenges alone.

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2、[主观题]II. Write an outline (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it.
Nowadays, giant jumble jets carry millions of people each day to and from almost all corners of the globe, giving most people the chance of visiting distant countries. However, many of us are sometimes, troubled by unfamiliar customs and traditions and are puzzled by the way foreigners behave. In my essay, both sides of the argument would be presented and analyzed as to whether we should follow the customs of the visited country, or all nations should be more willing to embrace exotic culture.
Some people maintain that it is better for one to adopt host countries’ culture for the following reasons. First of all, as the old saying goes, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do,” by observing and following their particular way of doing things, travelers can greatly reduce the chances of misunderstanding and embarrassment. For instance, it is advisable not to ask a western lady personal questions such as her age or her marital status on the first meeting, which is common practice in China. Secondly, a nation’s customs and traditions are often fascinating and offer a unique insight into that very country. Obviously, people travel in order to broaden their horizon or merely to relax and enjoy themselves. But these aims could not be satisfactorily fulfilled if they have no idea about a country’s culture. Moreover, your interest in and understanding of their ways of life could help to establish a rapport with the local people, because people feel respected when their customs and behaviors are understood and imitated, and by doing things in their way, you become unconsciously a member of them and thus will no longer experience culture shocks.
However, others also have strong reasons to believe that a country should tolerate and embrace foreign culture. In the first place, no country should cling to its old customs and traditions at all cost and expect others to follow suit. Culture should also be subject to changes brought about by advances in science and technology and the process of globalization. Like everything else, numerous traditional practices have been abandoned and people are forming new customs all the time. Besides, instead of challenging and damaging the local traditions, the customs brought by international visitors actually help to enhance our awareness of our own culture, by pointing out that what we take for granted is really not universally praised but rather unique characteristics of our own. In China, for instance, the Spring Festival is being celebrated with ever more enthusiasm despite the popularity of Christmas. Moreover, it is unjustifiable and unrealistic to expect visitors to alter their ways of doing things, and pick up some new behaviors and customs at short notice. Many Chinese Americans, for example, still live exclusively in Chinatowns and celebrate all the traditional Chinese holidays. Like a religious belief, one should be allowed to follow their own customs whenever and wherever they like.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter view that people can keep their own customs and nations should welcome cultural differences and integrate the positive aspects from other cultures to update their own. Apparently, if all are open-minded about different traditions and behaviors, the idea of a global village could come true in every corner of the earth, with people living in harmony and each enjoying his own cultural heritage.

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3、[主观题]【撰写大纲】Establishing Good Relationships with Instructors
As class sizes across the country continue to rise,many community college students arestruggling to connect with instructors. To combat some of the potential issues of over-sizedclasses,or to benefit from smaller classes，students must strive to build positive workingrelationships with instructors.
One of the primary benefits of building effective relationships with an instructor is astudent's ability to receive more specific feedback and instruction，whether you are takingpre-requisite or elective courses. Students who establish positive professional relationshipswith instructors can obtain more insight on how to create a specific course plan for increasedprogress.
As researcher Linda Jacobson suggests, students should meet with instructors after largeassignments or tests are returned. A“mini-conference,"or meeting with an instructor,provides both parties with an opportunity to focus on the finished final assignment, essay, ortest. Additionally, the more students meet with instructors early in the course,the less timestudents will need to meet with an instructor later on in the course--as you have alreadysolidified your course fundamentals.
Iln addition to helping students with coursework,building positive relationships withinstructors also allows students to foster a positive interaction that can open up theopportunity for dialogue if a disagreement later arises. Whether students disagree with adesignated grade or disagree with an instructor's course content or teaching strategies,astrong relationship, established early in the course, can allow a student and instructor to morefruitfully negotiate any potential concerns.
Then, how could students establish a positive relationship with their instructors? Meetingwith an instructor individually is one of the best ways to establish a positive workingrelationship. As Jacobson explains, "Individual conferences and thorough evaluation make itpossible to clarify specific concepts that, for a particular student,may not have been clearfrom the text or general classroom discussion.”
Meeting individually with an instructor also provides students with an opportunity toreceive positive written and oral feedback from the instructor. When students engage in thistype of process and receive specific information, they can focus on improvement and build onstrengths.
Besides, it is strongly recommended to meet during the instructor's office hours.AsEcampus explains，“You probably aren't going to get very far if you try to talk to yourprofessor immediately before or after class. Instead, drop by to see him during his regularoffice hours or send him an email to request an appointment. Your professor will be able todevote more attention to the issues you wish to discuss if you confront him at the appropriatetime."'The instructor should announce his/her office hours on the first day of class; however,if he/she does not, students can simply inquire about office hours before or after class, or viaemail.
By taking active steps to develop a rapport and relationship with their instructors,students can not only improve their academic performance but also open lines of importantcommunication.

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4、[主观题]Ⅱ. Write an outline (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it.
The Human Brain
For centuries, people wondered about how the human brain works. Researchers were particularly concerned about its structure and functions. It was not long ago that scientists made the remarkable discovery that our brains are divided into two halves—left brain and right brain, and that each half has separate features and roles.
The left brain is said to be the logical brain. It is the left brain that we use to solve mathematical problems and go think logically. For example, if you are asked how to make coffee, this is what happens. Your left brain begins to work; it searches its files for information on coffee making. If it finds the files, it begins relating what to do step by step. If it does not find any record, it says it does not know.
The right brain is often called the creative brain. It has the function of thinking creatively. This contains all the artistic functions, including art and music appreciation. When you want to draw a picture or compose a piece of music or write poetry, it is the right brain that is in operation. When you come across a new situation in your life, your right brain gives ideas on how to tackle it.
To some people, the left brain is dominant and to others, the right brain is. Of people who are good in mathematics and language expression—that is, putting into practice what they have learnt, we say that they are more left-brained. They are not very sensitive and believe in doing everything only after reasoning. They are very sharp at arguments. They are the type who will not believe in anything until they see it. Right-brained people are more artistic and have a good sense of music appreciation. They are also more sensitive and tend to be emotional. They are more open to new ideas and are willing to accept radical positions.
Is the left brain better or the right brain? Both sides of the brain are equally important. In an ideal situation, a person should be exactly equal in both sides of the brain. However, as in most things, the ideal never happens. People are dominated by one or the other side of their brains. In order to function effectively in the world, we must learn to use both sides of the brain. In many situations that we meet in the world, there will be requirements for both sides of the brain to work together as partners. For example, when you want to write a story, which brain do you use? The answer is both brains. You need the right brain to think of the ideas and you need the left side to arrange everything in a logical sequence. You cannot go through life with only one side functioning.
It’s fundamentally important for people to know these interesting facts about the human brains. However, many aspects concerning our brains still remain unknown. With scientists’ persistent efforts, more secrets of the human brain will be revealed.

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5、[主观题]【写作题】Challenges make life interesting, and overcoming them makes life meaningful.How doyou understand this statement? Write an essay(about 300 words) to express your opinion.

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