自考00831英语语法复习指导（2）

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二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

I.不定冠词的用法：

1指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.

2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.

3表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.

4表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.

5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out

That boy is rather a Lei Feng.

6用于固定词组中A couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time

7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后This room is rather a big one.

8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

II.定冠词的用法：

1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.

2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean

3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?

4用于乐器前面play the violin,play the guitar

5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach,the living,the wounded

6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens,the Wangs

7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.

8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States,the Communist Party of China,the French

9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.

10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s

11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.

12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.

III.零冠词的用法：

1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air

2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制I want this book,not that one./Whose purse is this?

3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,National Day,spring

4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.

5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.

6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train,by air,by land

7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife,knife and fork,day and night

8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.

三．代词：

I.代词可以分为以下七大类：

1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they

宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them

2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their

名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs

3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves

4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some

5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever

6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as

7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,

other/another,all/both,neither/either

II.不定代词用法注意点：

1.one,some与any:

1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks?No,I don’t have any bookmarks.

I have some questions to ask.

2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。

Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?

3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。

I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.

4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?

2.each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

Each student has a pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionary./We each have a dictionary.

Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.

3.none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle?None.

None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.

4.other和another:

1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day,every other week,some other reason,no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：

He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.

2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：

I don’t like this shirt,please show me another(one).

The trousers are too long,please give me another pair/some others.

Some like football,while others like basketball.

5.all和both,neither和either

all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

All of the books are not written in English./Not all of the books are written in English.

Both of us are not teachers./Not both of us are teachers./Either of us is a teacher.

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