自考00831英语语法串讲笔记（4）

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第七节被动语态

被动语态的句子中的主语是动作的承受者，即行为的对象。

被动语态的构成是由助动词be加上及物动词的过去分词。be的人称和数要和句中主语一致，并表现出时态特征。

凡是不愿或不必说出主动者时，使用被动语态。此外，在强调或突出动作对象时，常使用被动语态。

现以动词tell为例，将各种人称数和时态的被动语态列表如下：

1.用法

（1）一般现在时

A statement of owners'equity is frequently prepared to accompany the balance sheet and income statement.通常编写所有者权益表随同资产负债表和收益表。

All our shoes are made by hand.我厂出品的鞋都是手工制造的。

The article is retailed at a higher price than when it was bought wholesale.物品的零售价高于购进时的批发价。

（2）一般过去时

She was praised for her economical management of the budget.她因对预算的管理有方而被表扬。

An urgent telephone call was made to the company's treasure.公司财务收到一个紧急电话。

（3）一般将来时

Your will be introduced to the office building.将向您介绍办公大楼。

Will storekeepers be prosecuted for raising prices without government permission？店主会不会因未得到政府许可提价而被起诉？

（4）过去将来时

She told me that her father would be taken to hospital the next morning.她告诉我第二天早晨她的父亲将被送到医院去。

（5）现在完成时

These trade terms have been developed by mercantile custom and standardized to a certain extent.这些贸易条款是在商业惯例中形成并在一定程度上标准化了的。

The consumers should unlearn the propoganda with which they have been fed by the advertizers.消费者应当摒弃广告商所作的广泛的宣传。

（6）过去完成时

They told him that the meeting had been cancelled.他们告诉他会议已被取消。

（7）现在进行时

In some developed countries，children are being taught by computers.在一些发达国家，孩子们的课程是用计算机讲授的。

Computers are being used to predict the weather.计算机正被用来预测天气。

（8）过去进行时

The conversation was being recorded.那时在对那次谈话进行录音。

The street was being widened.街道那时在加宽。

The problem was being studied.那时在研究这个问题。

（9）有两个宾语的主动结构变被动结构

We allowed them a commission of 5 per cent.我们给他们5％的手续费。

①They were allowed a commission of 5 per cent.

②A commission of 5 per cent was allowed them by us.

We shall give Mr.John a warm welcome.我们将热烈欢迎约翰先生。

①Mr.John will be given a warm welcome.

②A warm welcome will be given to Mr.John.

（10）动词不定式的被动结构

A new study plan（work plan）has to be made.必须制定一个新的学习计划（工作计划）。

He will have to be tried for murder.他因犯杀人罪将要受到审判。

The project is（going）to be completed in October.这项工程将在十月份完工。

2.在英语中，被动语态用于下列场合：

（1）当我们不知道或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者时（这时都不用由by引起的短语）

My watch has been stolen.我的表已被偷了。（不知道谁偷的）

On Saturday night，on her way home from work，she was robbed.星期六晚上，在下班回家的路上，她被抢了。

（2）当我们要强调动作的承受者时

Qu Yuan is also remembered on this day.也在这一天纪念屈原。

He will never be forgotten.永远不会忘记他。

（3）当出于礼貌，措词等方面的考虑不愿说出谁是动作的执行者时，例如：

You are requested to give a performance.请你表演一个节目。

3.主动句表示被动含义

（1）及物动词need，want，require，deserve，bear等之后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

This issue requires dealing with great care.该问题需仔细研究。

The new instruments want very careful handling.这些新仪器必须轻拿轻放。

（2）动词find+名词含有被动意义，这时主语多为非生物。如：

Electronics finds its application in navigation.电子学在航海上得到应用。

（3）在有些性质形容词后用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如：

Atom is too small to see.原子小得看不见。

The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。

（4）在形容词worth之后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如：

This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。

Three points are worth quoting for our purpose.就我们的目的而言，有三点值得引证。

（5）get+过去分词表示被动意义。如：

This question got talked about a little.该问题曾略加议论过。

（6）有些介词短语作表语或定语时，表示被动意义。如：

The question is under discussion.问题正在讨论。

The phenomenon under study is very interesting.在研究中的现象十分有趣。

第八节虚拟语气

表示所说的不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而只是一种愿望，假设或猜测。

1.表示和现在事实相反的假设：

He is honest.If he were dishonest，I should not trust him.他是诚实的。如果他不诚实的话，我就不会信任他。

He is not alive.If he were alive today，he would be a hero.他死了。如果他今天活着的话，他会是个英雄。

If there were no air，there would be no living things.如果没有空气，就没有生物。

If there were no gravity，we should not be able to walk.如果没有引力，我们就不能行走。

In fact，I am not there.If I were there，I could solve the problem by myself.事实上，我没有在那里。如果我在那里的话，我自己就能解决这个问题。

2.表示和过去事实相反的假设：

If there had been no air，there would have been no living things.如果当初没有空气，也就没有生物了。

You didn't come here yesterday.If you had come here yesterday，you would have seen him.

昨天你没有来。如果昨天你到这里来了的话，你就看见他了。

If had not obeyed him，I might have been punished.要是我那时不服从他的话，我可能受处分。

3.和将来事实相反的假设：

If he should be here tomorrow，he would call me up.万一他明天来这里的话，他会给我打电话的。（来的可能性很小）

If it were to rain tomorrow，the match would be cancelled.万一明天下雨的话，就将取消比赛。（下雨的可能性极小）

4.虚拟语气的一些其他用法

（1）在动词with，suggest，demand，insist和order等后面的宾语从句中，一般用虚拟语气（在用should+动词原形时，should常可省略，而只用动词原形，且用于所有的人称）。例如：

I suggest that we（should）repair the machine at once.我提议我们立刻修这台机器。

The leader of the team ordered that all（should）finish the work by supper time.队长命令晚饭前都必须完成工作。

He insisted that all（should）attend the meeting.他坚持大家都要参加那个会议。

（2）在“It is time（that）+从句”的结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示“该做某事了，时间已经有些晚了”的意思。这也是一种虚拟语气。例如：It is time we went to work.我们该去工作了。

（3）在由as if，so that，in order that，as though等引导的状语从句中，也往往用虚拟语气形式。例如Annie treated me exactly as if I were a seeing and hearing child.安妮对待我就好象我是一个能看能听的孩子似的。

The Emperor gave the cheats some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.皇帝给了骗子们一些金子以便他们能立刻开始工作。

（4）虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在It is necessary（natural，strange，important）that等句型中，后面主语从句的谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”结构。例如：

It is strange that he should have been late for the meeting.真奇怪，他开会迟到了。

It is necessary that we should take the box away at once.我们有必要立即把这只箱子搬走。

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