自考00832英语词汇学复习笔记（9）

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Chapter 9 English Idioms英语习语

Idioms:are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements.In a broad sense,idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）,Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions（俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc.They form an important part of the English vocabulary.

Characteristics of Idioms

Semantic unity语意的整体性words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity

Structural stability结构的稳定性:the constituents要素of idioms cannot be replaced,inverted or changed,deleted or added to,not even an article.

The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯

Classification of Idioms

1 idioms nominal in nature名词性习语(white elephant累赘物)

2 idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）

3 idioms verbal in nature动词性习语（look into）

4 idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail拼命）

5 sentence idioms句式习语（never do things by halves）

Use of idioms:习语的使用（stylistic features,rhetoric features and their occasional variations）

Stylistic features文体色彩〔colloquialisms（俗语）,slang俚语,literary expressions〕

The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meaning

Rhetorical features修辞色彩(phonetic manipulation语音处理，lexical manipulation and figures of speech)

phonetic manipulation语音处理:alliteration头韵、rhyme押韵

lexical manipulation：reiteration（duplication of synonyms同义字重复）[scream and shout]

repetition[out and out]、juxtaposition(of antonyms)反义词并列[here and there]

figures of speech:Simile（明喻）、Metaphor（隐喻）、Metonymy（换喻）、synecdoche(提喻)、Personification（拟人法）、Euphemism（委婉词）

Variations of idioms习语的变异形式：addition,deletion,replacement,postion-shifting,dismembering(分解)179

Chapter 10 English Dictionaries英语字典

Dictionary:presents in alphabetical order the words of English,with information as to their spelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rules and grammar,and in some,their etymology（语源）

Types of dictionaries:

Monolingual&bilingual dictionaries

Monolingual dictionary:is written in one language(LDCE,CCELD).The headword or entries are defined&illustrated in the same language.

Bilingual dictionary:involve two languages(A New English-Chinese D,A Chinese-English D)

Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries

Linguistic dictionary:aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language(spelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammatical,function,usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的

Encyclopedic dictionary:

encyclopedia(百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information.Concerning each headword(not pronunciation,meanings,or usages)but only information.

Encyclopedic Dictionary:have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia(<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)

Unabridged,desk and pocket dictionaries

Unabridged D:basic information about a word:its origin,meaning,pronunciation,cognates(同词源的),usage,grammatical,function,spelling,hyphenation,capitalization,derived forms,synonyms and homonyms(同音异意)<Webster’s Third New International Dictionary>

Desk D:medium-sized[50,000-150,000]

Pocket D:about 50,000 entries or fewer

Specialized dictionaries:

concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge,treating such diverse topics as etymology,synonyms,idioms,pronunciation,usage in language,and computer,engineering,literature and a variety of other subjects.

Use of the dictionary

1 read the contents page to find out quickly what information is included in the dictionary

2 read the guide to the use of the dictionary

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