自考00832英语词汇学复习笔记（6）

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Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变

Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.

Types of Changes词义变化的种类（extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation and transfer）

Extension or generalization词义的扩大:is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo.[companion(old)one who shares bread(ex)a company]

Narrowing or specialization词义的缩小：is the opposite of widening meaning.When a common words is turned into a proper noun,the meaning is narrowed.[meat(old)food(na)flesh of animals]

Elevation or amelioration of meaning词义的升华:the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance.[knight(old)servant(el)rank below baronet从男爵]

Degeneration or pejoration词义的贬降:A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or no-affective words come to used in derogatory sense.[silly(old)happy(de)foolish]

Transfer词义的转移:Words which were used to designate指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.（140）

Causes of Semantic Change词义变化的原因

Extra-linguistic factors 141

1 Historical reason 2 Class reason(elevation or degradation)3 Psychological reason

Linguistic factors：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.

Chapter 8 Meaning and Context意义和语境

Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word.Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.

Two types of context

Linguistic context：It refers to the words,clauses,sentences in which a word appears.It may cover a paragraph,a whole chapter and even the entire book.

1)Lexical context：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question.

2)Grammatical context：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.

Extra-linguistic context：In a broad sense,it includes the physical situaion as well.it embraces the people,time,place,and even the whole cultural background.

The role of context语境的作用

Elimination of ambiguity消除歧义

1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.

2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity

Indication of referents限定所指

Provision of clues for inferring word meaning提供线索以猜测词义

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