自考00838语言与文化串讲3由自考生网为考生们整理、提供。
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自考00838语言与文化串讲3
3.Words and associative meaning
3.1 Words and connotative meaning
book:C:contain knowledge and wisdom for people,youth must learn
E:it express ideas for people to consider,to agree or disagree,and to comment
Sexy:C:connotes loose sex morality
E:it is a positive human quality
Old,young:C:young means inexperienced,and inconsistent.Old means mature,skilled and experienced.
E:young means flexible,vigorous,and creative.Old means traditional,senile,and useless.
Dog:C:is very pejorative.
E:it can even be considered as a family member.
Peasant:C:doesn’t have derogatory connotations.
E:it has derogatory
Landlord,capitalist,boss:C:are pejorative in Chinese
E:not
Comrade:C:connotes warmth,friendliness and equality
E:means spies of the Soviet Union
Ambitious,aggressive:C:it is pejorative
E:it is considered good qualities and both positive in meaning.
Self-made man:C:
E:it is positive term.Connoting lack of financial foundation and influential connections.
Individualism:C:it is means selfishness
E:it is positive term
Propaganda:C:it is a neutral term.
E:it is a pejorative term in English
Do-gooder:C:it is means unselfish and helpful
E:it is a pejorative term in English
Spiritual:C:it hasn’t this means in Chinese.
E:it has religious connotation.
3.2 Words and social meaning
British English:spoken in the U.K,Australia,New Zealand,West Indian Isles
American English:spoken in the North America.
BrE
AmE
Chinese
Brooch
Breastpin
胸针
Mackintosh
Raincoat
雨衣
Sweet
Candy
糖果
Flat
Apartment
公寓
Pail
Bucket
水桶
Cellar
Basement
地下室
Tap
Faucet
水龙头
Timetable
Schedule
时间表
Booking office
Ticket office
售票处
Autumn
Fall
秋天
torch
flashlight
手电筒
BrE
AmE
Chinese
Scone
biscuit
软饼
Biscuit
Cracker
饼干
Cracker
Firecracker
爆竹
Corn
Grain
谷物
Maize
Corn
玉米
Jumper
Sweater
毛线衣
Blouse
Jumper
短套衫
Vest
Undershirt
汗衫
Waistcoat
Vest
背心
Purse
Change purse
钱包
Handbag
Purse
手提包
Truck
Flatcar
铁路平板车
Lorry
Truck
卡车
Shop
Store
商店
store
Warehouse
货栈
From English
From French
Meaning in Chinese
Answer
reply
回答
Rest
Repose
休息
Room
Chamber
房间
Bear
Endure
忍受
Woods
Forest
树林
Gift
Present
礼物
Love
Affection
爱情
House
Mansion
房子
King
Sovereign
国王
Wish
Desire
愿望
make
Create
创造
There are also many triples of synonyms in Englsih.
From English
From French
From Latin
Meaning in Chinese
Weak
feeble
Fragile
软弱
Size
Caliber
Magnitude
大小
Empty
Devoid
Vacuous
空的
End
Finish
Complete
结束
Rise
Mount
Ascend
上升
Ask
Question
Interrogate
问
Belly
Stomach
Abdomen
胃、腹
Fire
Flame
Conflagration
火
Time
Age
Epoch
时代
Die
Pass
Decease
死
count
Calculate
compute
算
English has been closely related to Latin as well.They borrowed dozens of words from Latin words entered English.Of course,sets of synonyms in English are not limited to the pairs and triples discussed above.
3.3 Words and affective meaning
sexy,young,dog,ambitious,aggressive,self-made man,individualism,equalitarianism or egalitarianism are positive in English,but pejorative in Chinese
Landlord,capitalist,boss,free love are pejorative in Chinese,but neutral in English
Old,peasant,comrade,do-gooder,propaganda are pejorative in English,but neutral in Chinese.
3.4 Words and reflected meaning
Green house:(E:emphasize its function,while Chinese view its from its physical characteristic.)
Black tea:(E:named it after the colour of tea(leave),C:named it after the colour of tea(water colour)
Ferrous metal:(E:according its ingredients.C:according their colours)
Snakehead:(E:its head is its distinctive feature,C:it is its colour)
Sun spot:(a spot black in colour)
Wall clock:(E:where clocks can be found is the distinctive feature,C:emphasize the ways in which they are used.)
Stop watch:(E:emphasize its mechanic quality,C:lay stress on the purpose for which it is used)
Contact Lenses:(English speaker views the way they used,but Chinese attracted to their invisibility)
Business Card:(it is used stand out in E,and its content is foregrounded in C)
Marble-hearted:(it is a specific term in Englsih,but a general term in Chinese)
Wood pulp:纸浆(english reminds us of the raw material,Chinese term the product)
3.5 Words and collocative meaning.
English terms
Their collocates(配置)
Vice
President,chairman,chancellor,consul,governor,etc
Associate
Professor,editor,director,etc
Depute
Chairman,command-in-chief,mayor,head,etc.
Lieutenant(陆军中尉)
Governor,general,colonel,etc
under
Secretary of States,secretary,etc.
副
总统、主席、市长、总督、国务卿、领事、校长、教授、主编、指挥等
中
将、校等
Vice:one that takes the place of
Associate:having secondary or subordinate status or closely connected(as in function of office)with
Deputy:a second-in-command or assistant who usually takes charge when his superior is absent
Lieutenant:an official empowered for a higher official or an aid or representative of another in the performance of duty.
Under:lower in authority of rand.
Make a road筑路
Make progress取得进步
Make efforts作出努力
Make a poem作诗
Make one’s position known表明立场
Make a fire生火
Make tea沏茶
Make money挣钱
Make enemies树敌
Make peace讲和
Take a book拿一本书
Take a city占领一座城
Take an umbrella带一把伞
Take the first place获得第一名
Take one’s leave告辞
Take cold感冒
Take a seat就坐
Take harbour避入港湾
Take the floor发言
Take the blame承担过错
Take a cup of tea喝一杯茶
Take action采取行动
Take a photograph照相
Take a bath洗澡
Look at the blackboard看黑板
See a film看电影
Watch TV看电视
Read a book看书
Visit a friend看朋友
Go to a doctor看医生
Depend on circumstances看情况
Trim one’s sails看风使舵
Open a tin开罐头
Turn on light开灯
Switch on TV开电视
Serve a meal开饭
Show mercy开恩
Drive a car开车
Sail a ship开船
Fly a plane开飞机
Exploit a mine开矿
Reclaim wasteland开荒
Straighten out one’s ideas开窍
Feel happy开心
Stimulate the appetite开胃
Begin to speak开腔
Fire a gun开炮
Make war开战
Crack a joke开玩笑
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