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当前位置 自学考试 > 自考复习资料 > 英语语法自考复习资料 > 文章详情

自考00831英语语法复习指导(4)

来源:自考生网 时间:2019-06-18 09:12:20 编辑:西瓜

自考00831英语语法复习指导(4)由自考生网为考生们整理、提供。

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II.动词的被动语态:

常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成

1一般现在时am/is/are asked 6过去进行时was/were being asked

2一般过去时was/were asked 7现在完成时have/has been asked

3一般将来时shall/will be asked 8过去完成时had been asked

4过去将来时should/would be asked 9将来完成时will/would have been asked

5现在进行时am/is/are being asked

10含有情态动词can/must/may be asked

被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be

going to,used to,have to,had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如:

Trees should not be planted in summer./The boy was made fun of by his classmates.

Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.

汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:

It is believed that…It is generally considered that…It is said that…

It is well known that…It must be pointed out that…It is supposed that…

It is reported that…It must be admitted that…It is hoped that…

下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:

The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.

The door won’t shut./The play won’t act.The clothes washes well./The book sells well.

The dish tastes delicious./Water feels very cold.

下面词或短语没有被动态:

leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep up with,consist of,have on,lose heart等等

七.情态动词

I.情态动词基本用法:

情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答

can能力(体力,智力,技能)

允许或许可(口语中常用)

可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)can not/cannot/can’t do Can…do…?

Yes,…can.

No,…can’t.

could couldn’t do

may可以(问句中表示请求)

可能,或许(表推测)

祝愿(用于倒装句中)may not do May…do…?Yes,…may.

No,…mustn’t/can’t.

might might not do Might…do…?Yes,…might

No,…might not.

must必须,应该(表主观要求)

肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)must not/mustn’t do Must…do…?Yes,…must.

No,…needn’t/don’t have to.

have to只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)don’t have to do Do…have to do…?

Yes,…do.No,…don’t.

ought to应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?

Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.

shall将要,会

用于一三人称征求对方意见

用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?

Yes,…shall.No,…shan’t.

should应当,应该(表义务责任)

本该(含有责备意味)should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?

will意愿,决心

请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉will not/won’t do Will…do…?

Yes,…will.No,…won’t.

would would not/wouldn’t do

dare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?

Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.

need需要

必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)need not/needn’t do Need…do…?

Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.

used to过去常常(现在已不再)used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do

didn’t use to do Used…to do…?

Yes,…used.No,…use(d)n’t.

Did…use to do…?

Yes,…did.No,…didn’t.

II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:

以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+be doing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。

1.must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America./He must be talking with his friend./He must have already arrived there.

2.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。

He may not be at home./They might have finished their task.

3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。

The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there;it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)

Can he be in the office now?No,he can’t be there,for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)

III.情态动词注意点:

1.can和be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。

2.used to和would:used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。

3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)to do,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/dare to do

八.非谓语动词

I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:

非谓语形式构成特征和作用

时态和语态否定式复合结构

不定式to do

to be doing

to have done to be done

to have been done在非谓语前加not for sb.to do sth.具有名词,副词和形容词的作用

在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语

分词现在分词doing

having done being done

having been done具有副词和形容词的作用

在句中做定、表、宾补和状语

过去分词done

动名词doing

having done being done

having been done sb’s doing具有名词的作用

在句中做主、宾、定和表语

II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:

情况常用动词

只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen

只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider

can’t help,feel like,succeed in,be fond of,object to,get down to,be engaged in,insist on,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set about,be afraid of,be tired of,look forward to,devote oneself to,be worth,be busy,pay attention to,stick to

两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)

need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)

意义相反stop to do停止手中事,去做另一件事

stop doing停止正在做的事

意义不同remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)

remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)go on to do(接着做另外一件事)

go on doing(接着做同一件事)

try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)

try doing(试试去做,看有何结果)mean to do(打算做,企图做)

mean doing(意识是,意味着)

can’t help to do(不能帮忙做)can’t help doing(忍不住要做)

III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:

常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句

不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成I heard him call me several times.

have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make

现在分词

notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.

过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.

IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:

区别举例

不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.

I have a lot of papers to be typed.

动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?

现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water/the boiled water

the developing country/the developed country

the falling leaves/the fallen leaves

过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成

V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:

区别举例

不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.

To obey the law is important.

(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用)

动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.

Teaching is my job.

分词无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。

现在分词多含有“令人…,,”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.

The book is well written.

(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)

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