江苏成人英语三级讲义（四）

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三、非谓语动词不定式（to+V）

动名词

分词-ing

分词-ed

（一）动词不定式（to+动词原形）

动词不定式的语法功能

可以做除谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。

1）作主语

不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：

To serve the people well is our duty.

动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式主语。上述句子也可改为：

It is our duty to serve the people well.

类似这样不定式做主语的句型有:

It is+n.+to do

It takes sb.+some time+to do

It is+adj.+for sb.+to do

It is+adj.+of sb.+to do

例如：

It is our duty to help them.

It will take you quite a long time to finish it.

It is easy for us to answer this question.

It is kind of you to help me.

注：

1）for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：

2）of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right等。

2）作宾语

We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.

注意：

如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用"it"作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。

例如：

他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。

×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.

宾语宾补

×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.

√They found it impossible to get everything ready in

宾补宾语

advance.

再看下面的两个例句：

I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.

Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.

三级出题方式：

I _____ to point out their shortcomings.

A.consider it my duty

B.consider it is my duty

3）作定语

This is the best way to solve the problem.

注意：

①用不定式作定语时，它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词。

例如：

Mary needs a friend to play with.

There is nothing to worry about.

Because air pollution has been greatly reduced,this city is still _____.

A.a good place to live

B.a good place for living in

C.a good place to be lived in

D.a good place to live in

答案：D

②不定式作定语，如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。

例如：

×Here is a letter for you to type it.

√Here is a letter for you to type.

×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.

√The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.

同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。

4）作状语

In order to overcome difficulties,we must work hard.

注意：

①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。

例如：

√The water is unfit to drink.

×The water is unfit to drink it.

√They found Mr.Jones'lecture hard to understand.

×They found Mr.Jones'lecture hard to understand it.

同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。

②作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。

例如：

×To save money,the bus was taken instead of plane.

√To save money,we took the bus instead of plane.

让我们看一道2005年11月份的三级试题：

To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.

A.one needs being patient person.

B.patience is to need.

C.one needs to be patient.

D.patience is what needed.

答案：C

2.不定式的逻辑主语

如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者（即逻辑主语），就要在不定式前用for＋名词（或代词的宾格）。如：

Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?

The conference is too important for you to miss.

3.不定式的时态和语态

不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式，也有主动和被动语态的区别。以study为例：

主动/被动一般式to study;to be studied

进行式to be studying

完成式to have studied;to have been studied

1）不定式的时态

不定式的一般式（to do）所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作是同时发生，或是在其后发生的。如：

Thousands of young people are learning to ski.

不定式的进行式（to be doing）所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时进行的，而且是正在进行的。如：

They seemed to be getting along quite well.

不定式的完成进行时（to have done）表示限于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态，to have+V-ed表示动作，to have been表示状态。如：

She seems to have finished her work.

不定式的完成进行时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。如：

She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.

2）不定式的语态

每个不定式都有其逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者，不定式用主动式，如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动式。如：

The doctor recommended him to air the room.

医生建议他打扫房间。

The doctor recommended the room to be aired.

医生建议打扫房间。

考试重点：使用不带to的不定式的几种情况

（1）在口语中，以why开头的简单问句中。例如：

Why do it that way?

Why not go out for a walk?

（2）某些使役动词，如make,let，have等后面跟动词不定时作宾语补足语时，用省略to的不定式。如：

Let him do it.让他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。

（3）表示生理感觉的动词后接不定时作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to.这类词有：

feel觉得observe注意到，看到hear听到

watch注视listen to听perceive察觉，感知

notice注意see看见look at看

注意：

表示"感觉"的动词，既可以用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但两者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语，表示动作的进行，以不带to的不定式作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的完成。

例如:

I heard her playing the violin.

我听到她在拉小提琴.

I don't see the ball break the window.

我没有看到球砸坏玻璃.

注意：

上述使役动词与感觉动词转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式需带to，如：

He was seen to come.

The boy was made to go to bed early.

（4）在do nothing／anything／everything but（except）结构中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV.

昨天晚上，除了看电视，我什么也没干。

但是，如果谓语动词不是"do nothing，anything，everything"，那么but（except）所跟的不定式则仍须带to.

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。

There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.

除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别的办法。

记忆口诀：

前面有do，后面省to，前面无do，后面带to.

（5）下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用省to的不定式形式。

can not help but do（不得不）

can not but do（不得不）

cannot choose but do（只能）

have no choice but do（只能）

had better do（最好）

would rather do（宁愿）

例如：

When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

不定式练习

翻译下列句子：

走路去那里十分钟就到了。（考查不定式做主语的句型）

下一步做什么还没定。（考查疑问词＋不定式的用法）

我们不可能赶上第一班车。（考查不定式做主语）

学英语的学生必须有本好字典。（考查不定式做主语，同时考察不定式的逻辑主语）

他是我们班唯一说英语的人。（考查不定式作定语）

他说话太快，我们跟不上。（考查too…to…结构，不定式作状语）

大厅足够大，能容纳一百人。（考查enough…to…结构，不定式作状语）

起床后妈妈会提醒我洗脸。（考查不定式作宾补）

为了不让我们失望，你必须遵守你的诺言。（考查不定式作状语）

参考答案

It takes ten minutes to walk there.

What to do next is not decided/hasn't been decided.

It is impossible for us to catch the first bus.

It is necessary for a student of English to have a good dictionary.

He is the only one in our class to speak English.

He speaks too fast for us to follow.

The hall is large enough to hold one hundred people.

My mother will remind me to wash my face after I get up.

You must keep your promise in order not to let us down.

改正下列句子中的语法错误：

1.He gave me a piece of paper to write on it.

2.How many people are there for you to interview them?

3.Do you think a preposition（介词）is a good word to end a sentence with it?

4.I've got several telephone calls to make them this morning.

5.This is a difficult to put it into English.

（二）动名词（doing）

1.动名词的语法功能

1）作主语

Swimming is never as fast as running.

注意：动名词（或动名词短语）作主语时，有时句中使用形式主语it，如：

It is no use talking about it.

谈论此事并无用处。

注意：

不定式和动名词都可以做主语，在意义上区别不大。

例如：

It is impossible to get there before dark.

It is impossible getting there before dark.

但在下列固定结构中，只能用动名词做主语，不能用不定式：

It is no good doing…

It is no use doing…

It is worthwhile doing…

It is a waste of time doing…

例如：

It is no good objecting反对没有用。

It is no use crying哭没有用。

It's worthwhile reading the book.读这本书很值。

2）作宾语（动词或介词的宾语）

Would you mind waiting for a moment?

有少数动词用动名词作宾语，如下所示：

acknowledge承认admit承认appreciate感激

avoid避免delay延迟deny否认

escape逃避keep保持mind介意

permit允许postpone延迟resist抵抗

risk冒险prevent阻止quit放弃停止

recommend推荐suggest建议

注意：

有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

①forget to do忘记要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）

②remember to do记住去做某事（未做）

remember doing记得做过某事（已做）

③regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

④try to do努力、企图做某事

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

⑤mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味着

⑥go on to do继而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing继续（原先没有做完的事情）

⑦propose to do打算（要做某事）

propose doing建议（做某事）

⑧stop to do停下来去做另一件事

stop doing停止正在或经常做的事

⑨be used to doing sth.习惯于…

used to do过去曾经…

2.动名词的逻辑主语

一般情况下，动名词的逻辑主语是谓语动词的主语；如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语。用作动名词逻辑主语的词类有：物主代词和名词所有格。试比较：

Tom insisted on going with them.（He went with them）

汤姆坚持要和他们一起去。（他去了）

Tom insisted on my going with them.（I went with them）

汤姆坚持要我和他们一起去。

His taking part in the work will help us a lot.

他参加这项工作对我们有很大帮助。（物主代词）

但是，如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语相同，则不应再有主语：

She regrets_____idle when young.

A.To have been

B.her being

C.her having been

D.having been

答案：D

注：

动名词作宾语时，常可以用人称代词宾格或名词的普通格，如：

He doesn't like my father and me interfering in her affairs.

她不愿意我父亲和我干涉她的事情。（名词普通格或人称代词宾格）

3.动名词的时态和语态

1）完成式：

如果表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用动名词的完成时，形式为:having done.例如：

He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.

His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us.

2）被动式

当动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者时，该动名词要用被动式。形式为：being done.例如：

He did it without being asked.

We insisted on being given the task.

考试重点：

动名词在固定结构中的使用

1.have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time+（in）+doing

例如：

We had difficulty（in）carrying out the plan.

这一结构变化一下后，形成"There is+difficulty/trouble+pleasure+（in）doing".

例如：

Will there be any difficulty（in）getting a driving license?

There was some trouble（in）reading her handwriting.

2.feel like+名词/动名词"想要"（=would like to+原形动词）

例如：

I feel like a newborn baby.

Do you feel like going to a movie?

3.spend/waste time doing sth.

例如：

They spent a lot time（in）making preparations.

4.cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）

例如：

I cannot help laughing,once I see john in that big trouser.

注意：

这一句型要和can not help but do（不得不）以及can not but do（不得不）区分开来。

5.something need/want/deserve+动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示"要（修、清理等）"意思。

例如：

Your bike needs repairing.

（=Your bike needs to be repaired）

6.be busy doing sth.忙于干某事

例如：

I am busy doing my homework.

7.be worth doing sth.值得…

例如：

The plan is worth considering.

8.What about/how about doing…怎么样？

例如：

What about having a game of table tennis?

How about going on a picnic?

动名词练习

翻译下列句子：

强迫孩子学习是没有好处的。（考查动名词做主语的固定句型）

明天去看电影怎么样？（考查关于动名词的固定句型）

那个小镇值得参观。（考查关于动名词的固定句型）

没有必要查阅每个生词。（考查关于动名词的固定句型）

请医生没用，已经太晚了。（考查动名词做主语的固定句型）

参考答案：

It's no good forcing children to learn.

How about seeing a movie tomorrow?

The little town is worth visiting.

There is no need/point in looking up every new word.

It is no use sending for the doctor,for it is too late.

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