江苏成人英语三级讲义（二）

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二、虚拟语气英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。虚拟语气在三级考试中是一个比较重要的语法。下面我们也分四部分来看一下三级考试中虚拟语气的运用。

（一）条件句中的虚拟语气

在分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，请同学们做以下试题：

1）If a better material______,the strength of the part would have been increased.（1992.6）

A.had been used

B.had been using

C.being used

D.using

2）If you______that movie last night,you wouldn't be so sleepy.（1993.6）

A.hadn't watched

B.haven't watched

C.wouldn't have watched

D.didn't watch

3）______you were busy,I wouldn't have bothered you with my question.（1996.6）

A.If I realized

B.Had I realized

C.Did I realize that

D.As I realized

4）______,I should ask them some questions.（1997.6）

A.Should they come to us

B.If they come to us

C.Were they come to us

D.Had they come to us

5）Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ______the same language.

A.spoke

B.speak

C.had spoken

D.will speak

6）Had the weather been good,the children ______out for a work.（2001.6）

A.had gone

B.could have gone

C.would go

D.went

7）______the advice of his friends,he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.（2004.4）

A.If he took

B.If he should take

C.Were he to take

.Had he taken

「答案」AABAA BD

「评析」外语

1.对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。

①如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might+have done的形式，如1）、3）、6）和7）。

1）If a better material______,the strength of the part would have been increased.（1992.6）

A.had been used

B.had been using

C.being used

D.using

答案：A

3）______ you were busy,I wouldn't have bothered you with my question.（1996.6）

A.If I realized

B.Had I realized

C.Did I realize that

D.As I realized

答案：B

注意：虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were,should,或had,可将if省略，再把were,should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。

6）Had the weather been good,the children ______ out for a work.（2001.6）

A.had gone

B.could have gone

C.would go

D.went

答案：B

7）______ the advice of his friends,he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.（2004.4）

A.If he took

B.If he should take

C.Were he to take

D.Had he taken

答案：D

②如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should+原形动词，如5），表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should+be doing的结构。

5）Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ______the same language?

A.spoke

B.speak

C.had spoken

D.will speak

答案：A

③如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to/should+原形动词，以上题4）表示的就属于这种情况。

4）______,I should ask them some questions.（1997.6）

A.Should they come to us

B.If they come to us

C.Were they come to us

D.Had they come to us

答案：A

2.虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。如2）：

2）If you ______that movie last night,you wouldn't be so sleepy.（1993.6）

A.hadn't watched

B.haven't watched

C.wouldn't have watched

D.didn't watch

答案：A

从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。

再如：

If he weren't such a kind man,he wouldn't have lent a hand to such people as you the other day.（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）

Were my friends not to come tomorrow,I wouldn't have bought so many foods.（从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）

3.if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if.考试时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如3）、4）、6）和7）。

再如：

Were they here now,they could help us.

=If they were here now,they could help us.

Had you come earlier,you would have met him

=If you had come earlier,you would have met him.

More Exercises

1）If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you ____ now.

A.wouldn't be smiling

B.couldn't have smiled

C.won't smile

D.didn't smile

答案：A

2）____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.

A.Not being

B.Had it not been

C.Without being

D.Not having been

答案：B

3）______before we depart the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful dinner party.

A.Had they arrived

B.Would they arrive

C.Were they arriving

D.Were they to arrive

答案：D

4）Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.

A.has to get

B.were to get

C.had got

D.could have got

答案：C

5）_____ right now,she would get there on Sunday.

A.Would she leave

B.If she leaves

C.Were she to leave

D.If she had left

答案：C

6）Had he worked harder,he ____ the exams.

A.must have got through

B.would have got through

C.would get through

D.could get through

答案：B

7）If the whole operation _____ beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lost.

A.was not planned

B.has not been planned

C.had not been planned

D.were not planned

答案：C

（二）含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气

1）Without your help,we _____ so much.（1996.6）

A.didn't achieve

B.would not have achieved

C.will not achieve

D.don't achieve

2）Something must have happened on their way here.Or they by _____ now.（2002.6）

A.should have arrived

B.should arrive

C.would have arrived

D.would arrive

3）But for the rain,we _____ a nice holiday.（2003.4）

A.should have

B.would have had

C.would have

D.would had

4）But for my classmates'help,I _____ the work in time.（2004.4）

A.did not finish

B.could not finish

C.will not finish

D.would not have finished

5）I would have joined him in a picnic,but I _____ his company.（2004.11）

A.will not like

B.don't like

C.had not liked

D.might not like

6）Without heat and sunlight,plants on the earth _____ well.（2004.11）

A.would not grow

B.will not grow

C.had not grow

D.would not be grown

「答案」BDBDD A

「评析」

含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。

三级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有：

①But for/Without,主句……，如1）、3）、4）和6）。

1）Without your help,we _____ so much.（1996.6）

A.didn't achieve

B.would not have achieved

C.will not achieve

D.don't achieve

答案：B

3）But for the rain,we _____ a nice holiday.（2003.4）

A.should have

B.would have had

C.would have

D.would had

答案：B

4）But for my classmates'help,I _____ the work in time.（2004.4）

A.did not finish

B.could not finish

C.will not finish

D.would not have finished

答案：D

6）Without heat and sunlight,plants on the earth _____ well.（2004.11）

A.would not grow

B.will not grow

C.had not grow

D.would not be grown

答案：A

②……,otherwise/or……，如2）

2）Something must have happened on their way here.Or they _____ by now.（2002.6）

A.should have arrived

B.should arrive

C.would have arrived

D.would arrive

答案：D

再如：

He hadn't had food for two days,or/otherwise he wouldn't have fainted out at work.

③……，thought/but……，如5）

5）I would have joined him in a picnic,but I _____ his company.（2004.11）

A.will not like

B.don't like

C.had not liked

D.might not like

答案：D

再如：

Einstein cared little for money,though he could have been very rich.

He could have got the job,but he didn't apply for it.

④分词/不定式，主句……

Having been born ten years earlier,you could have witnessed the disaster.

Given more time,we could have done the work much better.

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