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3.迅读
无论是在我们平时的阅读,还是考生在考试时的阅读,常常需要了解段落的主题或文章的中心思想,还需要掌握一定的细节。这时,我们就得运用另一种阅读技巧,它就是我们这里将讲的迅读。迅读是一种比一般速度高一倍以上的阅读方法,目的是迅速从文中找到所需信息,解决问题。
迅读要领一:首先确定你需要什么事实和细节,并对其形式进行估计。
迅读要领二:在略读中由于对各段落和句子已进行过分析,已大致了解主题和细节,并进行过勾勒,这时就可以考虑确定在什么地方去找自己需要的有关细节或说明。
迅读要领三:尽快用眼睛扫过文章,找到自己需要的细节描述部分,并在有关句子下做出各种记忆符号。文章浏览完毕,再将划线部分(或做其他符号)重新详读一次,并进行适当推理。
通常,迅读法适用于事实、细节型阅读理解试题。
例:
Languages are marvelously complex and wonderfully complicated organs of culture:they embody the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture;in the words of a poet and philosopher,"As many languages as one speaks,so many lives one lives".A culture and its languages are as inseparable as brain and body;while one is a part of the other,neither can function without the other.In learning a foreign language,the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language,its gestures,its body language.Eye contact is extremely important in English.Direct eye contact leads to understanding,or,as the English maxim has it,seeing eye-to-eye.We can never see eye-to-eye with a native speaker of English until we have learned to look directly into his eyes.
Question:According to this passage,the best way to learn a foreign language is ____.
A.to read the works of poets and philosophers
B.to find a native speaker and look directly into his eyes
C.to begin by learning its body language
D.to visit a country where English is spoken
说明:本题属于细节型试题,答案为C项。原文中的第四名"In learning a foreign language,the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language,its gestures,its body language.",其中“non-verbal”意为“非语言的”。此句大意为:学外语最好由非文字性语言因素开始经,即从学习讲这种语言的人的手势、肢体语言入手。因此"to begin by learning its body language"正好与题意吻合,故应推断C项为正确答案。考生只需运用迅读法,快速找到这句话所在位置,然后根据句意做出正确的判断。
4.研读法
除了在阅读理解中运用略读法和读法之外,有时还需要仔细阅读文章的某一特定部分,力求对其有较深的理解,或对其进行归纳、总结、推断等。这时就需要对这部分仔细阅读,以便理解作者言外之意。这种仔细的阅读方法就研读法,通常适用于推断型阅读理解试题。
例:
Very high waves are destructive when they strike the land.Fortuately,this seldom happens.One reason is that out at sea,waves moving in one direction almost always run into waves moving in a different direction.The two sets of waves tend to cancel each other out.Another reason is that water is shallower near the shore.As a wave gets closer to land,the shallow bottom helps reduce its strength.
But the power of waves striking the shore can still be very great.During a winter gale,waves sometimes strike the shore with the force of 6,000 pounds for each square foot.That means a wave,25 feet high and 500 feet along its face,may strike the shore with a force of 75 million pounds.
Yet the waves,no matter how big or how violent,affect only the surface of the sea.During most raging storms,the water a hundred fathoms(600 feet)beneath the surface is just as calm as on a day without a breath of wind.
Question:From your reading of the paragraph,which of the following is true?
A.At a depth of 1,200 feet the effects ofa violent surface storm are frightful.
B.A submarine commander navigating his vessel at a depth of 700 feet will not be affected by a raging surface storm.
C.A typhoon 500 miles out at sea can stir up the ocean bed.
D.If high waves can strike the shore with a horizontal force of 75 million pounds,the vertical force of such waves can have an even greater effect upon the ocean floor.
说明:本题答案为B项。此项为判断题。在本文报后一段,作者表述的意思为:不管海浪多高,多凶猛,它只影响到海面以下有限的深度。即使在最大的风暴中,600英尺以下尝试的水域也会像没有一丝风的白天那样风平浪静。选顼A意为“狂风巨浪会对1200英尺以下的水域造成可怕的影响”;B项意为“一名在水深700英尺以下驾驶潜艇行的指挥员有会受海面上的狂风巨浪的影响”;C项意为“风速每小时500英里的台风能海底的东西掀上来”;D项意为“如果巨浪袭击海岸的力量水平方向为75000000磅,那么它的垂直方向作用在海底的力量比水平方向作用力还要大”。根据最后一段内容,只有B项正确,因为潜艇是在700英尺以下水域航行。A项,C项与B项矛盾,可以排除,D项在短文中没有涉及。正是基于对这部分进行研读,考生才能够得出正确答案。
5.整体阅读
一篇文章是一个整体。文章作者通过整篇文章的构思、布局、对事物的论证、说明、叙述和描写等方法向读者传授知识和信息。知识和信息是存在于整篇文章之中,而不是存在于孤立的词句之内。在阅读句、段、篇时都应从整体原则出发。这样才能既理解字面含义,又能洞察深层含义;既能看到上下文呼应的语言结构,又能体会到字里行间的潜在含义;既能了解文章的各局部的含义,又能抓住文章的中心思想,从而对整篇文章达到较高层次的理解。
整体阅读有两个层次:
(1)篇章的阅读。在阅读一篇文章时,应从五个方面驾驭整篇文章,遵循如下的模式:文章的标题;作者;基本内容;事实;文章的特点、争议和批评意见。这样可以避免盲目性和疏忽遗漏。阅读时,可把主要精力放在有用信息上,大大减少处理无用作息的时间,并使信息条理化,以便理解和吸收。
(2)句、段的阅读。句子是一个整体,段也是一个整体。阅读句子时,如果不太长,要一口气读完。这样不仅读速快,而且有助于理解。当然,英语句子一般比较长,不能一口气读完。这时应以较大的意群为单位进行阅读。所谓意群是指句子中可以分开来看的各个部分,每个部分都有其相对独立的意义。
把句子和段落看成整体并不意味着要把句中所有的词、段落中所有的句子都看得同等重要。一个句子中有些词是关键词,有些词只是结构信号,有些词只表示辅助信息。对前者应注意,对后两者可一扫而过。
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