【题目】 ​IL. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the fllowig passage crefullyy and compose a "Topic Outline" for it.
Knowledge About Different Cultures Is Shaking the Foundations of Psychology Psychology was developed largely in North America and Europe. Some would argue it's been remarkably successful in understanding what drives human behavior and mental processes, which have long been thought to be universal. But in recent decades, someresearchers have started questioning this approach, arguing that many psychological phenomena are shaped by the culture we live in.
wOL Consider which two of these objects go together: a panda, a monkey and a banana.
Respondents from Westerm countries routinely select the two animals. This indicates an analytic thinking style, in which objects are largely perceived independently from their context. In contrast, participants from Eastern countries often select the monkey and the banana, because they share a relationship (monkeys eat bananas). This is a holistic thinking style, in which object and context are perceived to be correlated.
In a cassis demonstration of cultural dfferences in thinking styles, participants from Japan and the USA were presented with a series of animated scenes. Lasting about 20 seconds, each scene showed various creatures, vegetation and rocks in an underwater stting. In a subsequent rcall task, both groups were eqully likely to remember the larger fish. But theJapanese pripants were better at rellin background information, such as the color ofthe water. This is because hlistic thinking focuses on background and context just as much as foreground.
The way Westemners descrihe themselves seems to be cultrally bound. They tend to view themselves as free, autonomous and unique individuals, pssessing a set of fixed caraceristis. This feature regarding slfknowledge has even been demonstrated at the brain level. In a brain-scanning study, American participants were shown dffrent adjectives. They were asked how well these adjectives represented themselves and how well these adjectives represented their mother. The study showed there was a clear difference in brain responses between thinking about the self and the mother.
However, in many other parts of the world, people describe themselves primarily as a part of different social relationships and strongly connected with others. This is more prevalent in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The brain-scanning study with Chinese participants showed ltle or no dfference between the self and the mother, suggesting that the self-presentation shared a large overlap with the presentation of the close relative.
Clearly, the way we define ourselves is linked to diferences in social relationships, motivation and upbringing. Culture has a massive ffcet on how we view ourselves and how we are perceived by others. The field, now known as“CrossCultural psychology", is increasingly being taught at universities across the world. With more research, we may well find that cultural differences pervade into even more areas where human behavior was previously thought of as universal But only by knowing about these efects will we ever be able to identify the core foundations of the human mind that we all share.

1、[主观题]【Write an essay of 300-400 words according to the following context and requirements.Compose a sentence outline before you write the essay.Write both the outline and the essay on the ANSWER SHEET.(50 points:10 points for the outline and 40 points for the essay)】
“The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.”How do you understand this quotation?Write an expository essay to illustrate the importance of learning a second language.

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2、[单选题]The style of a cover letter in job application should NOT be______.

• A、professional
• B、informal
• C、courteous
• D、concise

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3、[单选题]Refutation is the______.

• A、information that convinces the readers that the claim is sound
• B、answer that the writer tries to give in an argumentative essay
• C、act that identifies and argues against opposing viewpoints
• D、claim about which people hold the same point of view

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4、[单选题].Identify the type of examples you should AVOID in illustration.

• A、Ambiguous examples.
• B、Representative examples
• C、Relevant examples.
• D、Particular examples.

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5、[单选题]A figure of speech is a word or phrase that is used_____

• A、in a non-literal sense to create a particular effect
• B、non-literally to convey its original meaning
• C、to create an image carrying its literal sense
• D、in a way opposite to its literal meaning

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